Science & Technology Notes For Competitive Exams

Astronomy: Study of celestial objects (stars, planets, comets, galaxies), phenomena, and the universe as a whole. Key areas include observational astronomy, astrophysics, cosmology, and planetary science.
Space Exploration: Human and robotic exploration of space. Key missions include the Apollo moon landings, Mars rovers, and the International Space Station (ISS).
Satellites: Artificial satellites used for communication, weather forecasting, navigation (GPS), and scientific research.
Space Technology: Innovations like rockets, space telescopes (e.g., Hubble, James Webb), and spacecraft (e.g., SpaceX’s Dragon, NASA’s Orion).

Computing Hardware: Components such as processors (CPU, GPU), memory (RAM, storage), and peripherals (keyboards, mice, monitors).
Software: Operating systems (Windows, macOS, Linux), applications (word processors, spreadsheets, graphics software), and programming languages (Python, Java, C++).
Mobile Technology: Smartphones, tablets, and wearable devices. Key operating systems include iOS and Android.
Internet and Networking: Development of the internet, web technologies (HTML, CSS, JavaScript), and networking protocols (TCP/IP, DNS).

Historical Inventions: Key inventions such as the wheel, printing press, steam engine, and electricity.
Modern Innovations: Recent advancements such as the internet, smartphones, 3D printing, and artificial intelligence.
Scientific Discoveries: Breakthroughs in various fields like the discovery of penicillin, DNA structure, Higgs boson, and CRISPR.

Environmental Technology: Technologies aimed at conserving the environment and resources, such as renewable energy (solar, wind), waste management, and water purification.
Robotics: Design and application of robots for manufacturing, healthcare, exploration, and domestic use.
Nanotechnology: Manipulation of matter on an atomic or molecular scale, with applications in medicine, electronics, and materials science.
Quantum Computing: Emerging field of computing based on quantum-mechanical phenomena, promising significant advancements in processing power.

Nuclear Technology: Use of nuclear reactions for energy production, medical treatments (radiotherapy), and research. Includes nuclear fission, fusion, and radiation safety.
Biotechnology: Use of living organisms or systems to develop products and technologies. Applications include genetic engineering, biopharmaceuticals, agricultural biotech (GMOs), and industrial biotechnology.
Medical Biotechnology: Development of diagnostic tools, vaccines, and therapies using biotechnological methods.
Nuclear Medicine: Medical specialty using radioactive substances in diagnosis and treatment, such as PET scans and radiotherapy for cancer.