Biology Notes For Competitive Exams

Systems: Includes the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, skeletal, muscular, immune, excretory, and reproductive systems.
Organs and Functions: Major organs such as the heart, lungs, brain, liver, kidneys, etc., and their specific functions.
Homeostasis: The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment.
Human Development: Stages from conception to adulthood, including prenatal development, growth, and aging.

Photosynthesis: Process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
Plant Anatomy: Structure of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds.
Plant Physiology: Functions of different plant parts, including transpiration, respiration, and nutrient uptake.
Reproduction: Sexual and asexual reproduction in plants, including pollination, fertilization, and seed dispersal.

Animal Classification: Taxonomy and phylogeny of different animal species.
Anatomy and Physiology: Structure and function of animal organs and systems.
Behavior: Study of animal behavior, including instincts, learning, and social structures.
Reproduction and Development: Sexual and asexual reproduction, life cycles, and growth processes in animals.

Pathogens: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites that cause diseases.
Immune System: Body’s defense mechanisms against diseases, including innate and adaptive immunity.
Common Diseases: Symptoms, causes, prevention, and treatment of diseases like diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and infectious diseases.
Epidemiology: Study of disease distribution, patterns, and control in populations.

Nutrients: Essential nutrients including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals.
Digestive System: Process of digestion, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients.
Diet and Health: Impact of diet on health, including balanced diet, malnutrition, and dietary-related diseases.
Metabolism: Chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life, including anabolic and catabolic pathways.

Cell Structure: Components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and other organelles.
Cell Function: Processes such as cell division (mitosis and meiosis), cell signaling, and cellular respiration.
Cell Theory: Fundamental principles describing the properties of cells.
Molecular Biology: Study of biological molecules and their interactions, including DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.

Genetics: Study of heredity and variation, including Mendelian genetics, genetic disorders, and modern genetic technologies.
Evolution: Theory of natural selection, speciation, and evolutionary history of life on Earth.
Ecology: Interactions between organisms and their environment, including ecosystems, biomes, and conservation biology.
Biotechnology: Application of biological systems and organisms to develop products and technologies, including genetic engineering, cloning, and CRISPR.