History Notes Chapter 5 Education Class 9 Maharashtra Board

Notes For All Chapters – History Class 9
1. Introduction

Education and research are important for the progress of any country. After independence, India made many efforts to improve education, science, technology, and medicine. The government started various programs to ensure quality education for all and encouraged research in different fields like agriculture, space, and medicine.

2. Development of Education in India

(A) Primary and Secondary Education

The government introduced several schemes to improve school education in India.

District Primary Education Programme (DPEP): This program aimed to improve primary education in rural areas. It focused on increasing student enrollment, reducing dropout rates, and improving teaching methods.

Operation Blackboard (1987): This scheme provided essential facilities like blackboards, classrooms, teaching materials, and toilets in primary schools. It helped improve the quality of education, especially in villages.

Balbharati: This is Maharashtra’s textbook publication bureau, which publishes school textbooks. It ensures that students get affordable and high-quality books based on the state curriculum.

NCERT (National Council of Educational Research and Training, 1961): It develops school textbooks, prepares curriculums, conducts research in education, and provides training to teachers.

(B) Higher Education

To improve higher education, the government took several steps:

University Education Commission (1948-49): Led by Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, it suggested improvements in university education and research.

Kothari Commission (1964-66): This commission introduced the 10+2+3 education system and recommended vocational education to develop skills among students.

Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs): These were established to provide the best education in engineering and technology. They are among the top institutes in the world today.

Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU, 1985): This university was started to offer distance education and online learning for students who could not attend regular colleges.

3. Technical and Agricultural Education

Polytechnic Institutes: These institutes provide technical education and vocational training in fields like mechanical, electrical, and civil engineering.

Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI): This institute developed modern farming techniques, better seeds, fertilizers, and pest control methods. It helped farmers increase crop production.

Agriculture Schools and Colleges: These institutions provide education in modern farming, irrigation, and organic farming. They help farmers use scientific methods to improve productivity.

4. Scientific and Industrial Research

India has made great progress in science and technology through research institutions.

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR, 1942): It promotes research in industries, medicine, energy, and environmental science.

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC, 1954): This institute was established for nuclear research and atomic energy development. It contributes to power generation, medicine, and space research.

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO, 1969): ISRO develops satellites and space technology. It launched Aryabhata (1975), Chandrayaan, and Mangalyaan. India has become one of the leading space research countries.

Computers and Technology: Dr. Vijay Bhatkar developed Param-8000, India’s first supercomputer, in 1991. This helped in scientific research and advanced computing.

5. Progress in Medical Science

India has made great progress in medicine and healthcare.

AIIMS (All India Institute of Medical Sciences): It is India’s top medical institute, providing world-class healthcare and medical research.

ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research): It works on disease prevention, vaccine research, and healthcare improvements.

Pharmaceutical Industry: India is one of the largest producers of medicines and vaccines. It supplies affordable medicines worldwide.

Development of Vaccines: India has successfully produced vaccines for diseases like polio, tuberculosis, and COVID-19.

6. Contribution of Important Institutions