Notes For All Chapters – History Class 8
1. Introduction
The Freedom Struggle of 1857 was the first large-scale revolt against British rule. It was inspired by earlier local uprisings and was later called the “Indian War of Independence” by V.D. Savarkar.
2. Causes of the Struggle
Economic Causes:
- Heavy taxes on farmers and artisans.
- Destruction of local industries due to British policies.
Social Causes:
- British interference in Indian culture (e.g., Sati prohibition, widow remarriage act).
Political Causes:
- Doctrine of Lapse: British annexed princely states like Satara, Jhansi, and Nagpur.
- Unfair Treatment of Indian rulers like the Nawab of Ayodhya.
Military Causes:
- Indian soldiers were underpaid and treated unfairly.
- Limited Promotion: They could not rise above the rank of Subhedar.
Immediate Cause:
- Enfield Rifle Incident: Rumors spread that rifle cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat, offending Hindu and Muslim soldiers.
3. Main Leaders of the Revolt
Mangal Pandey: Started the rebellion by attacking British officers in Barrackpore.
Bahadur Shah Zafar: Declared as the Emperor of India.
Rani Laxmibai of Jhansi: Fought bravely but died defending her kingdom.
Nanasaheb Peshwa: Led the revolt in Kanpur.
Tatya Tope: Conducted guerrilla warfare but was later captured and hanged.
Kunwar Singh: Led the revolt in Bihar.
Begum Hazrat Mahal: Fought in Lucknow against the British.
4. Why Did the Revolt Fail?
1. Lack of Unity: The revolt was not organized across all of India.
2.Weak Leadership: No single leader to unite all rebels.
3.Limited Resources: Rebels had fewer weapons and poor communication.
4.British Strength: The British had advanced weapons and a strong navy.
5.Betrayal: Some Indian princes supported the British instead of joining the revolt.
5. Consequences of the Revolt
1. End of East India Company’s Rule:
- British Government took direct control through the Government of India Act (1858).
- The Governor General’s title changed to Viceroy.
2. Queen’s Proclamation (1858):
- Assured no interference in Indian religion and customs.
- Promised equality and protection for all Indians.
3. Changes in the Army:
- Increased the number of British soldiers.
- Divided Indian soldiers by caste and region to prevent unity.
4. Divide and Rule Policy:
- The British adopted a policy to divide Indians based on religion, caste, and language.
5 . Inspiration for Future Movements:
- The revolt inspired future leaders and movements for Indian independence.
Leave a Reply