Notes For All Chapters – Geography Class 7
Human Settlements
1. Introduction to Agriculture
- Agriculture is the primary occupation of humans and has been practiced since ancient times.
- It includes various activities such as cultivation of crops, rearing of animals, poultry farming, beekeeping, and fish farming.
- Agriculture provides food, raw materials for industries, and employment opportunities.
- It is influenced by natural factors such as soil, water, climate, and relief of the land.
2. Importance of Agriculture
- Agriculture provides food for human consumption.
- It supplies raw materials for industries (e.g., cotton for the textile industry, sugarcane for sugar factories).
- It creates employment opportunities for millions of people.
- It contributes to the economy of a country, especially in rural areas.
- Agriculture supports trade and commerce, as many agricultural products are exported.
3. Types of Agriculture
A. Traditional Agriculture
Subsistence Farming
- Farmers produce crops mainly for their own consumption and not for sale.
- Uses traditional methods like hand tools and animal labor.
- Small landholdings and low productivity.
- Common in developing countries.
Intensive Farming
- Practiced in small land areas but produces high yield through the use of fertilizers and irrigation.
- Farmers grow multiple crops in a year to maximize production.
- Labor-intensive farming, common in densely populated areas.
Shifting Cultivation
- Practiced in forested and hilly areas where land is cleared for farming.
- After a few years, farmers move to a new location and repeat the process.
- Leads to deforestation and soil erosion if not managed properly.
B. Commercial Agriculture
Extensive Grain Farming
- Large farms (over 200 hectares) are used for growing cereals like wheat, maize, and barley.
- Machinery is widely used, and labor requirement is low.
- Common in countries like the USA, Canada, and Australia.
Plantation Farming
- Large farms used to grow a single crop (e.g., tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, spices).
- Requires skilled labor, high investment, and scientific techniques.
- Common in tropical regions like India, Sri Lanka, and Brazil.
Market Gardening
- Farming near urban areas to grow vegetables, fruits, and flowers for sale.
- Depends on fast transport and modern irrigation techniques.
- Produces perishable crops like tomatoes, lettuce, and strawberries.
Horticulture and Floriculture
- Horticulture: Growing fruits like mangoes, grapes, oranges, and pomegranates.
- Floriculture: Growing flowers like roses, lilies, and marigolds.
- Requires modern irrigation, fertilizers, and greenhouses.
- Greenhouse Farming
- Farming in a controlled environment where light, temperature, and humidity are regulated.
- Used for growing exotic vegetables, flowers, and high-value crops.
- Reduces crop damage from weather changes and pests.
4. Allied Agricultural Activities
Animal Husbandry
- Rearing animals like cows, buffaloes, sheep, and goats for milk, meat, and wool.
- Provides dairy products, leather, and manure.
Dairy Farming
- Rearing milch animals (cows and buffaloes) for milk and dairy products.
- Requires proper cattle care, nutrition, and hygiene.
Sheep and Goat Rearing
- Common in dry and hilly regions.
- Sheep provide wool, while goats are mainly reared for meat and milk.
Poultry Farming
- Rearing hens, ducks, and turkeys for eggs and meat.
- Uses scientific methods for breeding and disease control.
Beekeeping (Apiculture)
- Rearing honeybees for honey and wax.
- Honeybees help in pollination, increasing crop productivity.
Pisciculture (Fish Farming)
- Rearing fish in artificial ponds with controlled conditions.
- Important species: Rohu, Catla, Prawns.
Sericulture
- Rearing silkworms to produce silk threads.
- Requires mulberry trees, as silkworms feed on mulberry leaves.
5. Factors Affecting Agriculture
- Climate: Temperature, rainfall, and sunlight influence crop growth.
- Soil: Fertile soil provides nutrients for better crop yield.
- Water Availability: Irrigation is necessary for areas with low rainfall.
- Technology: Use of fertilizers, pesticides, and modern machines improves productivity.
- Market Demand: Farmers grow crops based on consumer demand.
6. Modern Agricultural Practices
Organic Farming
- Avoids chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
- Uses natural compost, manure, and biological pest control.
- Produces healthy and eco-friendly food.
Agrotourism
- Farmers invite tourists to experience rural life.
- Provides an additional income for farmers.
Marketing Systems
- Farmers sell their produce in local and international markets.
- Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMCs) help farmers get fair prices.
- Online platforms help in direct selling to consumers.
7. Problems in Agriculture
- Climate Change: Unpredictable rainfall and droughts affect farming.
- Pest Attacks: Crops are damaged by insects and diseases.
- Soil Degradation: Overuse of fertilizers reduces soil fertility.
- Water Scarcity: Overuse of groundwater leads to drought-like conditions.
- Market Fluctuations: Prices of crops vary, affecting farmers’ income.
8. Solutions for Agricultural Development
- Use of Scientific Techniques: Hybrid seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation improve yield.
- Sustainable Farming: Organic and mixed farming help maintain soil fertility.
- Government Support: Subsidies, loans, and insurance help farmers.
- Efficient Water Management: Drip irrigation and rainwater harvesting reduce water wastage.
Conclusion
Agriculture is the backbone of human civilization, providing food, employment, and economic stability. With the use of modern technology, sustainable practices, and government support, farming can become more productive and environmentally friendly.
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