Introduction
The Indian Constitution is a guiding document that aims to create a fair and equal society. It came into effect on 26th January 1950 and sets the goal of making India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic Republic. It ensures justice, protects citizens’ freedom, and promotes a progressive society based on social justice and equality. This chapter focuses on three main areas: Democracy, Social Justice, and the Judicial System.
1. Democracy
Democracy is more than just electing representatives; it involves applying democratic principles in everyday life to make society fair and inclusive.
Political Maturity
- What is it? Democracy becomes strong when people actively participate in governance.
- How does it work in India?
- People have direct representation in Parliament, State Legislatures, and Local Governments.
- Free and fair elections held regularly show India’s successful democracy.
- Increased participation in politics and competition among parties proves democracy is thriving.
Right to Vote
- Before Independence: Voting rights were limited by restrictions.
- After Independence: The Constitution gave adult suffrage, allowing all adults (men and women) above 21 years to vote equally.
- Change in Voting Age: In 1989, the voting age was lowered to 18 years, giving young people a chance to participate.
- Impact:
- India became the largest democracy with the highest number of voters.
- New political parties supported by young voters have emerged, reflecting diverse expectations.
Decentralisation of Democracy
- What is it? Sharing power with local governments to avoid misuse and encourage public participation.
- Why is it important? It makes democracy accessible to common people.
- Constitutional Support: The Directive Principles of State Policy promote decentralisation.
- Key Step: The 73rd and 74th Amendments (1992) gave constitutional status to local self-governments (like Panchayats and Municipalities) and increased their powers.
- Examples of Changes:
- Reserved Seats for Women: To increase women’s participation in politics.
- Reserved Seats for Weaker Sections: To give Scheduled Castes, Tribes, and Others a share in power.
- State Election Commission: Established to conduct fair local elections.
- 11th and 12th Schedules: Added to the Constitution to list the responsibilities of local governments.
Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005
- Purpose: To make the government transparent and accountable.
- How it helps?
- Citizens can access information about government activities.
- Reduces secrecy and builds trust between people and the government.
- Impact: Strengthens democracy by empowering citizens to question and interact with the government.
- Rights-Based Approach: Since 2000, reforms like RTI, right to education, and food security are seen as citizens’ rights, not just benefits. This makes the government more responsible.
2. Social Justice and Equality
The Constitution aims to create a society where everyone is treated equally, and no one faces discrimination based on caste, religion, gender, or other factors.
What is Social Justice?
- It means removing conditions that cause unfair treatment and ensuring dignity and equal opportunities for all.
- The government plays a key role in making policies to achieve this.
Efforts for Social Justice
1. Policy of Reservation:
- Who benefits? Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Other Backward Classes (OBC).
- Where? In educational institutions and government jobs.
- Why? To uplift communities that faced historical discrimination and lacked opportunities.
2. Scheduled Castes and Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act:
- Purpose: To stop injustice and violence against SC and ST communities.
- How it works? Any act of atrocity against these groups is punishable by law.
- Importance: Promotes equality by protecting vulnerable groups.
3. Provisions for Minorities:
- The Constitution bans discrimination based on caste, religion, race, language, or region.
- Minorities have rights to equality, freedom, education, and cultural preservation.
- Government policies provide education and job opportunities for minorities.
4. Laws for Women’s Empowerment:
- Key Laws:
- Equal Property Rights: Women have equal rights to inherit property.
- Dowry Prohibition Act: Bans giving or taking dowry to protect women.
- Domestic Violence Prohibition Act: Protects women from abuse at home.
- Act Against Sexual Harassment: Ensures safety at workplaces.
Political Representation:
- The 73rd and 74th Amendments reserved 33% seats for women in local self-governments.
- In states like Maharashtra, this reservation is now 50%.
National and State Commissions for Women: Work to protect women’s rights and dignity.
Why is this Important?
- Democracy must include all sections of society to be fair.
- These efforts reduce social conflicts and bring marginalized groups into the mainstream.
3. Role of Judiciary
The judiciary ensures the Constitution’s goals of democracy, social justice, and equality are achieved by interpreting laws and protecting citizens’ rights.
Key Contributions
1. Protecting the Basic Structure of the Constitution:
- The Constitution is a living document, meaning it can be amended to suit changing times.
- The judiciary allows Parliament to make changes but ensures the basic structure is not altered.
- Basic Structure Includes:
- Democratic and republican government.
- Federal structure.
- Unity and integrity of the nation.
- Sovereignty and secularism.
- Supremacy of the Constitution.
2. Significant Judicial Decisions:
- The judiciary has strengthened fundamental rights through key rulings.
- Areas of Impact:
- Rights of Children: Ensuring education and protection.
- Human Rights: Upholding dignity and freedom.
- Women’s Dignity: Protecting against violence and discrimination.
- Individual Freedom: Safeguarding personal rights.
- Tribal Empowerment: Supporting marginalized communities.
- These decisions have made India’s political system more mature and inclusive.
Importance of Judiciary
- It ensures the government follows the Constitution’s principles.
- It protects citizens’ rights and promotes fairness in society.
Features of Good Governance in Democracy
Good governance is essential for a strong democracy. Its key features include:
Accountability: The government must answer to the people.
Efficiency: Policies should be implemented effectively.
Responsiveness: The government should address citizens’ needs.
Transparency: Government actions should be open to scrutiny.
Inclusivity: Development should benefit all sections of society.
Participation: People should be involved in decision-making.
Challenges and Achievements
Achievements: India has developed a democratic mindset, with active citizen participation and strong constitutional mechanisms.
Challenges: Problems like inequality, discrimination, and new issues continue to challenge democracy.
Way Forward: The government must keep making policies to address these issues and ensure inclusive growth.
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